Parkinson Platform Noord Nederland

Non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease can be predominant as the disease advances, thereby constituting a major source of disease burden for patients and caregivers. However, current understanding of NMS is incomplete, particularly as a result of the absence of standardisation of outcome definitions and the heterogeneity of the risk factors that are assessed. The best data on risk factors for NMS in Parkinson's disease come from longitudinal studies, with the strongest evidence identifying factors for cognitive impairment and dementia, hallucinations, depression, apathy, excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and impulse-control disorders.